X-ray Topography & GPS Basics

X-ray Topography

1.Introduction


2.Principles of the Method

3.X-Ray Topography Techniques

4.Image Contrast in X-Ray Topography

5.Practical Aspects of the Method

6.Sample Geometry for Diffraction Imaging

7.Sample Preparation

8.Data Analysis and Interpretation

9.Problems



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GPS BASICS:
 
1 INTRODUCTION

2 GPS made simple

2.1 The principle of measuring signal transit time

2.1.1 Generating GPS signal transit time

2.1.2 Determining a position on a plane

2.1.3 The effect and correction of time error

2.1.4 Determining a position in 3-D space



3 GPS, THE TECHNOLOGY

3.1 Description of the entire system

3.2 Space segment

3.2.1 Satellite movement

3.2.2 The GPS satellites

3.2.3 Generating the satellite signal

3.3 Control segment

3.4 User segment



4. THE GPS NAVIGATION MESSAGE

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structure of the navigation message



5. CALCULATING POSITION

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Calculating a position

5.2.1 The principle of measuring signal transit time

5.2.2 Linearisation of the equation

5.2.3 Solving the equation

5.2.4 Summary

5.2.5 Error consideration and satellite signal



6. Co-ordinate systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Geoids

6.3 Ellipsoid and datum

6.4 Planar land survey co-ordinates, projection



7. Differential-GPS (DGPS)

7.1 Introduction

7.2 DGPS based on the measurement of signal transit



time

7.3 DGPS based on carrier phase measurement



8. DATA FORMATS AND HARDWARE interfaces

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Data interfaces

8.3 Hardware interfaces



9. GPS RECEIVERS

9.1 Basics of GPS handheld receivers

9.2 GPS receiver modules



10 GPS Applicatons

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Description of the various applications



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A kinetics of microscopic particles in open heterogeneous system

 

Abstract

It is old hat that classic kinetics (e.g. in chemistry) is inherently based on the assumption that reactions take place in small vessels under well-stirred conditions; homogeneity, rapid mixing, etc. It is also well-known, and likewise accepted, that this assumption is often not justified (biology, chemical industry and so on). There have however been arguments about how to deal with this matter: kinetics of particles in open heterogeneous systems.
This monograph, available for download below, attempts to formulate a basis for a kinetics where the “mixing condition” is relaxed: the condition is qualitatively deleted – not merely neutralized by use of various approximations. In the resulting theory, Dynamics of Markovian Particles (DMP), the classic notion of geometric volume is eliminated: the familiar notion of ‘concentration' (amount of substance)/(unit volume) appears nowhere, and substance flows are not in terms of, say (litres)/(time unit), but in terms of (number of particles)/(time unit). Elementary as this might sound (and is) it has rather broad implication.
The approach is based on the notion of stochastic process being accepted as a physical entity: the particle moves because there is a transition probability acting upon it. The resulting theory (DMP) generalizes the particle concept: not only can two oxygen molecules or two benzene molecules be considered as two ‘equivalent particles', but so can also two fish, two cells, two coins or, why not, two cars (with driver) – in spite of the “particles” being different in classic (physical) terms. Strict and direct definitions of open and closed system can be formulated (steady state vs. equilibrium). Also is derived, for open system, an ergodic like relation between the motion of particles and the resulting steady state.
The notion “state of particle” proves, of course, to be central but is nevertheless left unspecified. This is perhaps one of the more salient features of DMP in its present from – and it promotes the theory's generality.

License

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this book, but changing it is not allowed.

Download

Download the latest edition by clicking this link:
DMP BOOK EDITION 4