The Online Edition of The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0

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Highways in the River Environment Environment

Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Classification of River Crossings and Encroachments
1.1.1 Types of Encroachment
1.1.2 Geometry of Bridge Crossings
1.2 Dynamics of Natural Rivers and Their Tributaries
1.2.1 Historical Evidence of the Natural Instability of Fluvial Systems
1.2.2 Introduction to River Hydraulics and River Response
1.3 Effects of Highway Construction on River Systems
1.4 The Effects of River Development on Highway Encroachments
1.5 Technical Aspects
1.6 Future Technical Trends
Chapter 2 : Open Channel Flow Part I
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Definitions
2.2 Basic Principles
2.2.5 Hydrostatics
2.3 Steady Uniform Flow
2.3.1 Shear Stress and Velocity Distribution
2.3.2 Empirical Velocity Equations
2.3.3 Average Boundary Shear Stress
2.3.4 Energy and Momentum Coefficients for Rivers
2.4 Unsteady Flow
Chapter 2 : Open Channel Flow Part II
2.5 Steady Rapidly Varying Flow
2.6 Flow in Bends and Transitions
2.7 Gradually Varied Flow
2.7.3 Standard Step Method for the Computation of Water Surface Profiles
2.8 Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways
2.9 Hydraulics of Culvert Flow
2.10 Roadway Overtopping and Low Water Stream Crossings
Chapter 3 : Fundamentals of Alluvial Channel Flow

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sediment Properties and Measurement Techniques
3.3 Flow in Sandbed Channels
3.4 Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels
3.5 Beginning of Motion
3.6 Sediment Transport
3.6.1 Terminology
3.6.2 General Considerations
3.6.3 Source of Sediment Transport
3.6.4 Mode of Sediment Transport
3.6.5 Total Sediment Discharge
3.6.6 Suspended Bed Sediment Discharge
3.6.7 Meyer-Peter Muller Equation
3.6.8 Einstein’s Method
3.6.9 Colby’s Method of Estimating Total Bed Sediment Discharge
3.6.10 Comparison of the Meyer-Peter, Muller and Einstein Contact Load Equations
3.6.11 Power Relationships
3.6.12 Relative Influence of Variables on Bed Material and Water Discharge
3.7 Sediment Problems at Bridge Openings and Culverts
3.7.1 Sediment Transport in Coarse Material Channels
3.7.2 Sediment Transport at Bridge Openings
3.7.3 Sediment Transport in Culverts
Chapter 4 : River Morphology and River Response
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fluvial Cycles and Processes
4.3 Stream Form
4.4 Geometry of Alluvial Channels
4.4.1 Hydraulic Geometry of Alluvial Channels
4.4.2 Dominant Discharge in Alluvial Rivers
4.4.3 The River Profile and Its Bed Material
4.4.4 River Conditions for Meandering and Braiding
4.5 Qualitative Response of River Systems
4.6 Modeling of River Systems
4.7 Highway Problems Related to Gradation Changes
4.7.1 Changes Due to Man’s Activities
4.7.2 Natural Causes
4.7.3 Resulting Problems at Highway Crossings
4.8 Stream Stability Problems at Highway Crossings
4.8.1 Bank Stability
4.8.2 Stability Problems Associated with Channel Relocation
4.8.3 Assessment of Stability for Relocated Streams
4.8.4 Estimation of Future Channel Stability and Behavior

Chapter 5 : River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour Part I
5.1 Stream Bank Erosion
5.1.1 Causes of Streambank Failure
5.1.2 Bed and Bank Material
5.1.3 Subsurface Flow
5.1.4 Piping of River Banks
5.1.5 Mass Wasting
5.1.6 River Training and Stabilization
5.2 Riprap Size and Stability Analysis
5.2.1 Stability Factors for Riprap
5.2.2 Simplified Design Aid for Side Slope Riprap
5.2.3 Velocity Method for Riprap Design
5.2.4 Riprap Design on Abutments
5.2.5 Riprap Gradation and Placement
5.2.6 Filters for Riprap
5.2.7 Riprap Failure and Protection
Chapter 5 : River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour Part II
5.3 Bank Protection Other Than Riprap
5.4 Flow Control Structures
5.4.1 Spurs
5.4.2 Hardpoints
5.4.3 Retards
5.4.4 Dikes
5.4.5 Jetties
5.4.6 Fencing
5.4.7 Guidebanks
5.4.8 Drop Structures

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Voltage Stability Toolbox

INTRODUCTION

Voltage Stability TOolbox, developed at Center for Electric Power Engineering, Drexel University is a powerful

software for studying the phenomena and mechanics of voltage instability. The computational and analytical

capabilities of bifurcation theory, and symbolic/graphical representation capabilities of MATLAB combined lead to

proven tool for analyzing voltage stability problem and providing intuitive information for power system planning,

operation, and control.

Voltage instability and collapse have become an increasing concern in planning, operation, and control of electric

power systems. In order to understand the phenomena and mechanics of voltage instability,a powerful and

user-friendly analysis tool is very helpful. Voltage Stability Toolbox (VST) developed at the Center for Electric

Power Engineering, Drexel University combines proven computational and analytical capabilities of bifurcation

theory and symbolic mplementation and graphical representation capabilities of MATLAB and its Toolboxes. It can be

used to analyze voltage stability problem and provide intuitive information for power system planning, operation,

and control.

REQUIREMENTS

· Matlab Version 5 (available from The MathWorks)

· Matlab Symbolic Toolbox (available from the MathWorks)

· Voltage Stability Toolbox Files.

· Windows 95 Windows, NT Workstation 4.0 or UNIX

CAPABILITY

· Load Flow Analysis

· Static Bifurcation Analysis

· Dynamic Bifurcation Analyis

· Time Domain Simulation

· Eigenvalue Analysis

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Design of Bridge Deck Drainage

TOC
1 : HEC 21 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.2 Design Objectives
1.2.1 Minimization of Spread
1.2.2 Avoidance of Hydroplaning
1.2.3 Integration into Structural Dimensions
1.2.4 Aesthetics
1.2.5 Minimization of Maintenance
1.2.6 Bicycle Safety
1.3 Systems
1.3.1 Deck and Gutters
1.3.2 Hardware–Inlets, Pipes, and Downspouts
1.3.3 Bridge End Collectors
1.4 Outline of Design Conditions

2 : HEC 21 Typical System Components
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Requirements
2.2.1 Similarities to Pavement Components
2.2.2 Differences with Pavement Components
2.2.3 Structural Considerations
2.2.4 Maintenance Considerations
2.3 Deck and Gutters
2.4 Hardware–Inlets, Pipes, and Downspouts
2.5 Bridge End Collectors
3 : HEC 21 Estimation of Design Storm Runoff
3.1 Selection of Design Spread and Frequency
3.2 Calculation of Runoff
3.2.1 Using Spread Plus Rational Method
3.2.1.1 Coefficient of Runoff
3.2.1.2 Rainfall Intensity
3.2.1.3 Time of Concentration
3.2.2 Using Hydroplaning Avoidance
3.2.3 Using Driver Vision Impairment
3.2.4 Using Other Methods
4 : HEC 21 Flow in Gutters
4.1 Sheet Flow to Gutters
4.2 Gutters of Uniform Cross Slope
4.3 Composite Gutter Selections
4.4 Gutters with Curved Cross Sections
4.5 Gutter Flow at Sags
4.6 Guidance for Nontypical Bridge Deck Gutters
5 : HEC 21 Bridge Deck Inlets
5.1 Typical Inlet Designs
5.2 Factors Affecting Interception Capacity and Efficiency
5.3 Anti-Clogging Design Features
5.4 Inlet Locations
5.4.1 Hydraulic Spacing
5.4.2 Structural Constraints
5.4.3 Maintenance Considerations

6 : HEC 21 Underdeck Collection and Discharge System
6.1 Hydraulic Design
6.2 Longitudinal Storm Drains
6.3 Anti-Clogging Features
6.3.1 Minimum Scouring Velocities for Sand and Grit
6.3.2 Inlet Traps
6.3.3 Cleanouts and Maintenance Downspouts
6.4 Vertical Downspouts
6.4.1 Capacity
6.4.2 Location to Conform to Structure and Aesthetic Needs
6.5 Outfall Design
6.6 Discharge to Air
6.7 Bridge Expansion Joints
7 : HEC 21 Bridge End Collectors
7.1 Similarities to Pavement Drainage
7.2 Design Flows
7.3 Differences Between Highway Pavement and Bridge Deck Drainage
7.4 Typical Bridge End Drainage Systems
8 : HEC 21 Design Procedures
8.1 Preliminary Data Analysis
8.2 Establishment of Governing Design Element–Rainfall Intensity
8.2.1 Rational Method Rainfall Intensity
8.2.2 Hydroplaning
8.2.3 Driver Visibility
8.3 Inlet Sizing
8.4 Collection System Details
8.5 Design of Bridge End Collectors
8.5.1 Location Guidance
8.5.2 Inlet Information
8.5.3 Outfall Pipe Information
9 : HEC 21 Bridge Deck Drainage Method
9.1 Constant-Grade Bridges
9.2 Flat Bridges
10 : HEC 21 Illustrative Examples
10.1 Example 1–500 Foot, 3 Percent Grade Bridge (No Inlets Needed)
10.2 Example 2–2,000 Foot, 1 Percent Grade Bridge
10.3 Example 3–1,200 Foot, 3 Percent Grade Bridge
10.4 Example 4–4,000-Foot Long, 68-Foot-Wide Flat Bridge
10.5 Example 5–800-Foot-Long, 36-Foot-Wide Flat Bridge
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Post-Tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual

TOC
1.1 Objective
1.1.1 Benefits of Post-Tensioning
1.1.2 Principle of Prestressing
1.1.3 Post-Tensioning Operations
1.1.4 Post-Tensioning Systems
1.2 Permanent Post-Tensioned Applications
1.2.1 Cast-in-Place Bridges on Falsework
1.2.2 Post-Tensioned AASHTO, Bulb-T, and Spliced Girders
1.2.3 Cast-in-Place Segmental Cantilever Bridges
1.2.4 Precast Segmental Balanced Cantilever Bridges
1.2.5 Precast Segmental Span-by-Span Bridges
1.2.6 Transverse Post-Tensioning of Superstructures
1.2.7 Post-Tensioning of Substructures
1.3 Temporary Longitudinal Post-Tensioning (Bars) – Typical Applications
1.3.1 Erection of Precast Cantilever Segments
1.3.2 Closure of Epoxy Joints in Span-by-Span Erection
2.1 Prestressing Steel
2.1.1 Strands and Bars
2.1.2 Shipping, Handling and Storage
2.1.3 Acceptance
2.2 Grout
2.2.1 Purpose
2.2.2 Cement and other Pozzolans for Grout
2.2.3 Pre-bagged Grouts
2.2.4 Thixotropic vs. Non-Thixotropic Grouts
2.2.5 Admixtures
2.2.6 Laboratory Tests
2.2.7 Shipping, Handling, Storage and Shelf life
2.2.8 Acceptance
2.2.9 Field Mock-Up Tests
2.3 Ducts
2.3.1 Duct Size
2.3.2 Ducts for Tendons
2.3.2.1 Corrugated Steel
2.3.2.2 Smooth, Rigid Steel Pipe
2.3.2.3 Corrugated Plastic
2.3.2.4 Smooth, High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE) for External Tendons
2.3.2.5 Plastic Fittings and Connections for Internal Tendons
2.3.2.6 External Tendon Duct Connections
2.3.2.7 Shrink Sleeves
2.3.3 Shipping, Handling and Storage of Ducts
2.3.4 Acceptance of Duct Materials
2.4 Other Post-Tensioning System Hardware
2.4.1 Anchorages
2.4.1.1 Basic Bearing Plates
2.4.1.2 Special Bearing Plates or Anchorage Devices
2.4.1.3 Wedge Plates
2.4.1.4 Wedges and Strand-Wedge Connection
2.4.2 PT Bars, Anchor Nuts and Couplers
2.4.3 Grout Inlets, Outlets, Valves and Plugs
2.4.4 Permanent Grout Caps
2.5 Other PT System Qualification Tests

3.1 Shop Drawings
3.1.1 Drawings and Details
3.1.2 Stressing Calculations
3.1.2.1 Example 1: Four Span Spliced I – Girder
3.1.2.2 Example 2: External Tendon in End Span
3.2 Tendon Testing On Site
3.2.1 Friction
3.2.2 Modulus of Elasticity
3.3 Anchorages and Anchor Components
3.3.1 Standard or Basic Anchor Bearing Plate
3.3.2 Multi-Plane Anchor
3.3.3 Special (Composite) Anchor Plates
3.3.4 Anchor Plates for Bar Tendons
3.3.5 Local Zone Reinforcement
3.4 Duct Installation
3.4.1 Alignment
3.4.2 Duct Supports
3.4.3 Splices and Connections
3.4.4 Grout Inlets and Outlets
3.4.5 Size of Pipes for Grout Inlets, Outlets and Drains
3.4.6 Positive Shut-Offs
3.4.7 Protection of Ducts during Concrete Placement
3.4.7.1 Concrete Pressure
3.4.7.2 Movement of Concrete
3.4.7.3 Vibration of Concrete
3.5 Tendon Installation
3.5.1 Tendon Types
3.5.2 Proving of Internal Post-Tensioning Ducts
3.5.3 Installation Methods
3.5.4 Aggressive Environments
3.5.5 Time to Grouting and Temporary Tendon Protection
3.6 Jacks and Other Stressing Equipment
3.7 Jacking Methods
3.7.1 Single (Mono) Strand Stressing
3.7.2 Multi-Strand
3.7.3 Bar Tendons
3.8 Stressing Operations
3.8.1 Personnel and Safety
3.8.2 Jacking Force
3.8.3 Measuring Elongations on Strand Tendons
3.8.4 Measuring Elongations on PT Bars
3.8.5 Field Variables
3.8.6 Final Force
3.8.7 Strand End Cut-Off
3.8.8 Lift-Off
3.9 Stressing Records
3.10 Stressing Problems and Solutions
3.10.1 Strand Slip
3.10.2 Wire Breaks
3.10.3 Elongation Problems
3.10.4 Breaking Wedges

4.1 Grouting Plan
4.2 Grout Testing
4.3 Grouting Operations
4.3.1 Verification of Post-Tensioning Duct System Prior to Grouting
4.3.2 Grouting Equipment
4.3.2.1 Mixer, Storage Hopper, Screen, Pump, Pressure Gauges, Hoses
4.3.2.2 On-Site Test Equipment for Production Grouting
4.3.2.3 Vacuum Grouting Equipment
4.3.2.4 Stand-by Grouting Equipment
4.3.2.5 Clean Grouting Equipment
4.3.3 Batching and Mixing
4.3.4 On-site Tests for Production Grouting
4.3.4.1 Production Bleed Test – Prior to Injection
4.3.4.2 Normal, Non-Thixotropic, Grout – Prior to Injection at Inlet
4.3.4.3 Thixotropic Grout – Prior to Injection at Inlet
4.3.4.4 Normal, Non-Thixotropic Grout – Discharge at Final Outlet
4.3.4.5 Thixotropic Grout – Discharge at Final Outlet
4.3.5 Injection of Grout
4.3.6 Grout Injection of Superstructure Tendons
4.3.6.1 Locations of Inlets and Outlets
4.3.6.2 Sequence of Using and Closing Outlets
4.3.6.3 Grout Pressure Test for Leaks
4.3.6.4 Release Entrapped Air and Lock-Off
4.3.6.5 Incomplete Grouting
4.3.7 Grout Injection of Vertical Tendons
4.3.8 Post-Grouting Inspection
4.3.8.1 Opening Inlets and Outlets for Inspection
4.3.8.2 Drill Grout to Verify Absence of Voids
4.3.8.3 Frequency of Inspection
4.3.8.4 Filling Drilled Inspection Holes
4.3.8.5 Incomplete Grouting
4.3.9 Filling Voids by Vacuum Grouting
4.3.10 Sealing of Grout Inlets and Outlets
4.3.11 Protection of Post-Tensioning Anchorages
4.3.12 Grouting Report
4.4 Grouting Problems and Solutions
4.4.1 Interruption of Grout Flow
4.4.2 Too High Grouting Pressure
4.4.3 Flushing of Incomplete Grout
4.4.4 Unanticipated Cross-Grouting
4.4.5 Production Grout Fluidity Unacceptable
4.5 Examples of Grouting Procedures
4.5.11 Example 11: Cantilever C-Pier
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Electric Power Transfer Capability: Concepts, Applications, Sensitivity and Uncertainty – Tutorials

File : pdf, 1.5MB, 98 pages
TOC
1 Introduction
1.1 Summary
1.2 General motivation
1.3 A simplified transfer capability calculation
1.4 AC load flow example using calculator
1.4.1 Getting started on the calculator
1.4.2 Quickly computing changes to transfer capability
1.4.3 Transfer capability depends on assumptions
1.4.4 Interactions between transfers
1.4.5 6 bus system
1.4.6 39 bus system
1.4.7 NYISO 3357 bus system
1.4.8 Concluding comments
1.5 DC load flow example

2 Transfer capability
2.1 Purpose of transfer capability computations
2.1.1 Transfer capability and power system security
2.1.2 Transfer capability and market forecasting
2.1.3 Transfer capability and electricity markets
2.2 Bilateral markets
2.3 Overview of transfer capability computation
2.4 Generic transfer capability
2.5 Continuation methods
2.6 Optimal power flow approaches
2.7 Linear methods
3 Sensitivit y of transfer capability
3.1 Explanations of sensitivity
3.2 Sensitivities in DC load flow
3.3 Estimating interactions between transfers
3.4 Fast formula for sensitivity and 3357 bus example

4 Applications
4.1 Available transfer capability
4.2 The economics of power markets and the Poolco model
4.3 Nodal prices/Poolco
4.4 Planning
4.5 Market redispatch
4.6 Summary of paper by Corniere et al
4.7 Background survey of security and optimization
5 Quantifying transmission reliability margin
5.1 TRMand ATC
5.2 Quantifying TRM with a formula
5.3 Sources of uncertainty
5.4 Simulation test results
5.5 Probabilistic transfer capacity
5.6 Conclusions
6 Uncertainty, probabilistic modeling and optimization
6.1 Temperature uncertainty and load response modeling
6.2 Sample calculation in IEEE 39 bus system
6.3 Extensions to flowgates and general random injection variation
6.4 Background on probability distributions
6.5 Probability of transmission congestion in flowgates
6.6 Numerical Example
6.7 Maximizing probabilistic power transfers
6.8 Numerical Example
6.9 Stochastic optimal power flow
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Power System Analysis – Lecture Notes on Electrical System

CONTENTS

Review of power system networks, complex power, and per units

Generator, load, transformer, and line models

Network matrices, the Y-bus matrix; tap changing transformers

Power flow techniques- solving by the Gauss-Seidel method

Solving by the Newton-Raphson method.

The Fast-Decoupled method.

Economic dispatch, neglecting generator limits and line losses

Economic dispatch with generator limits

Economic dispatch with line losses

Review, Q&A

Test #1  Chapters 6 and 7

Synchronous machine transients; Parks transformation

Short-circuit currents in synchronous machines

Machine constants and the effects of loading

Three-phase faults and short-circuit capacity

Bus-impedance matrix and the building algorithm
Fault studies using the bus-impedance matrix
Symmetrical components and the sequence impedances
Sequence networks; ground faults; and line-to-line faults
Ground faults; fault analysis using impedance matrices
Review, Q&A
Test #2  Chapters 8, 9, and 10
Synchronous machine dynamics and the swing equation
Steady state generator stability
Transient stability and the Equal-Area Criterion
Numerical integration of the swing equation
Multi-machine transient stability
Review, Q&A
Final Examination
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