NAVSTAR GPS Surveying

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TOC

1. Introduction
Purpose
Applicbility
Distribution
ReferencesBackground
Use of Manual
Scope of Manual
Life Cycle Project Management Applicability
Metrics and Accuracy Definitions
Trade Name Exclusions
Abbreviations and Terms
Mandatory Requirements
Governing Engineer Regultions and Relatd

StandardsProponency and Waivers

2. Operational Theory of Navstar GPSGeneral
Global Positioning System Overview
NAVSTAR GPS Progrm Background
NAVSTAR System Configuration
GPS Broadcast Frequencies and Codes
GPS Broadcast Messages and Ephemeris Data
GPS Status and Problem Reporting
GPS User Operational and Tracking Modes
Absolute GPS Positioning TechniquesDifferential or Relative GPS Positioning

Techniques
NAVSTAR GPS Modernization Initiatives

(2003-2014)

3. GPS Reference System
General
Geodetic Coordinate Systems
WSG 84 Reference Ellipsid
Horizontal Datums and Reference Frames
Transforming between Horizontal Survey Datums
Orthometric Elevations
WGS 84 Ellipsoidal Heights
Orthometric Height and WGS 84 Ellipsoidal

Elevation Relationship
Geoid Undulations and Geoid Models
North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)
Using GPS to Densify Orthometric Elevations
GPS verticl Site Calibration
GPS Time References

4. GPS Absolute Positioning Determination

Concepts, Errors, and Accuracies
General
Absolute Point Positioning
GPS Absolute Position Process-Pseudoranging
GPS Point Positioning Accuracies
Positional Accuracy Statistics — Root Mean

Square
GPS Range Error Budget
User Equivalent Range Error
Satellite Geometry Effects on Accuracy -

Geometrical Dilution of Precision
Resultant Positional Accuracy of Point

Positioning

5. Differential or Relative Positioning

Determination Concepts
General
Differential Positioning Concepts
Differential Positioning (Code Pseudorang

Tracking)
Differential Positioning (Carrier Phase

Tracking)
Carrier Phase Survey Techniques
Real-time Kinematic (RTK) GPS
Differential GPS Error Sources
Differential GPS Accuracies
Differential GPS Augmentation Systems

6. GPS Application
General
Project Control Densification
Facility Site Plan Topographic Mapping and GIS

Surveys
Shallow Wetland Mapping
Flood Control Projects — Levee Assessments
Navigation Project Survey Vessel and Dredge

Control
Hydraulic and Hydrology Studies
Structural Deformation Surveys
Construction Stakeout and Grading
Coastal Engineering Surveys
Photogrammetric Mapping Control
7. GPS Receiver and Equipment Selection
General
Types of GPS Receivers
GPS Receiver Selection Considerations
Military Grade GPS Receivers
GPS Receiver Manufacturers
Other Auxiliary Equipment
Resource Grade GIS Mapping Receivers
Common Data Exchange Formats
GPS Training and Operation Manuals
Guide Specification for Procuring Geodetic

Quality GPS Receivers

8. Planning Data Collection with GPS
Scope
General Planning Considerations for GPS Surveys
Project Control Function and Accuracy
Selection of a GPS Survey Technique
Planning Differential Code Phase GPS Survey
Field Reconnaisance for GPS Surveys
Technical criteria for Carrier Phase GPS

Horizontal Control Surveys
Recommended Static Baseline Occupation Times for

Horizontal Control Surveys
Network Design and Layout for Carrier Phase GPS

Horizontal Control Surveys
Planning Vertical Control Surveys using Phase

GPS
Technical Criteria for GPS Vertical

Densification
Orthometric Elevation Guidelines
Additional Guidelines and Recommendations for

Planning GPS Vertical Densification
Cadastral Survey Standards and Guidelines using

GPS
Fields Planning Considerations for GPS Surveys
Mandatory Criteria

9 Conducting GPS Field Surveys
General
General GPS Field Survey Procedures
Section I - Conducting Absolute GPS Positioning

and Navigation Surveys
Section II - Conducting Differential GPS Code

Phase Positioning and Mapping Surveys
Section III - Conducting Differential GPS

Carrier Phase Surveys

10 Post-Processing Differential GPS

Observational Data
General
General Differential Reduction Techniques
Carrier Phase Observables
Baseline Solution by Linear Combination
Baseline Solution by Cycle Ambiguity Recovery
Field/Office Baseline Output and Quality

Criteria
Examples of Baseline Reduction Software Output
Baseline Reduction Summaries
Baseline Reduction in Mapping Grade GPS

Receivers
Field/Office Loop Closure Checks
On-line Positioning User Service (OPUS)
Scripps Coordinate Update Tool (SCOUT)
Automated GIPSY Analyses (Jet Propulsion

Laboratory)
Baseline Data Management and Archival

11 Adjusment of GPS Surveys
General
Adjusment considerations
GPS Error Measurement Statistics
Survey Adjustments and Accuracy
Free or Minimally Constrained Adjusments
Fully Constrained Adjustments
Rigorous Least Squares Adjustments of GPS

Surveys
Network Adjustment Criteria
Baseline Weights - Covariance Matrix
Adjusment Output Statistics
Minimally Constrained Adjusment Considerations
Relative Baseline Accuracy Estimates
Normalized or Standardized Residuals
Outlier Tests and Reject Criteria
Positional Accuracy Statistics and Error

Ellipses
Sample GPSurvey Network Adjusment
Approximte Adustment of GPS Networks
Geocentric Coordinate Conversions
Evaluation of Adjusment Resuts
Final Adjusment Reports, Submittls, and Metadata
Mandatory Requirements

12 Contracting GPS Surveying Services
General
Brooks Architect-Engineer Act
Contracting Process and Procedures
Indefinite Delivery Contracts and Tasks Orders
Contract Price Schedule
Sample Cost Estimate for Contracted GPS Surve

Services
Contract Specification and Accuracy Standards
Contract Statements of Work
Contract Quality Control and Quality Assurance
Task Order Time and Cost Estimate
Sample Task Order for GPS Services