Electrical Science Volumn 1 of 4

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TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)
* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

ATOM AND ITS FORCES

* Electrostatic Force
* The First Law of Electrostatics
* Figure 5 Electrostatic Field Between Two Charges of Opposite Polarity
* Potential Difference
* Free Electrons
* Free Electrons
* Forces Around Atoms Summary

ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGY

* Voltage
* Figure 9 Electron Flow Through a Copper Wire with a Potential Difference
* Real and Ideal Sources

UNITS OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

* Ohm’s Law
* Ohm’s Law
* Conductance
* Inductance
* Electrical Units Summary

METHODS OF PRODUCING VOLTAGE (ELECTRICITY)

* Static Electricity
* Magnetic Induction
* Thermoelectricity
* Photoelectric Effect
* Thermionic Emission
* Figure 17 Vacuum Tube Diode
* Methods of Producing Electricity Summary
* MAGNETISM
* Figure 19 Magnetic Domains
* Magnetic Flux Density
* Magnetic Materials
* Polarity of a Single Conductor
* Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil
* Magnetomotive Force
* Field Intensity
* Reluctance
* Magnetism Summary
* MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
* Figure 26 Magnetic Current with Closed Iron Path
* BH Magnetization Curve
* Hysteresis
* Magnetic Induction
* Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage
* Lenz’s Law
* Magnetic Circuits Summary
* ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
* Figure 30 Electrical Symbols
* Electrical Symbols Summary
* Appendix A BASIC ELECTRICAL THEORY
* Appendix A METRIC SYSTEM AND POWERS OF TEN
* TABLE A-2 SUPPLEMENTARY SI UNIT
* TABLE A-3 DERIVED SI UNITS
* TABLE A-4 METRIC PREFIXES USED in ELECTRICITY
* TABLE A-5 POWERS of 10
* Rules associated with powers of ten
* Rules associated with powers of ten
* TABLE A-6 METRIC PREFIXES EXPRESSED as POWERS of 10
* TABLE A-6 METRIC PREFIXES EXPRESSED as POWERS of 10
* ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 2 Basic DC Theory
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES
* LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
* LIST OF TABLES
* REFERENCES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

DC SOURCES

* DC Generator
* Thermocouples
* Figure 3 Production of a DC Voltage Using a Thermocouple
* Rectifiers
* Figure 4 Forward-Biased Diode
* Reverse Bias
* Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit
* Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit
* Figure 8 Bridge Rectifier Circuit
* Summary

DC CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY

* One-Line Diagram
* Block Diagram
* Wiring Diagram
* Resistivity
* Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
* Electric Circuit
* Figure 14 Open Circuit
* Series Circuit
* Parallel Circuit
* Summary

BASIC DC CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

* Figure 18 Resistance in a Series Circuit
* Figure 19 Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit
* Figure 20 Voltage Total in a Series Circuit
* Figure 21 Example 1 Series Circuit
* Figure 22 Example 2 Series Circuit
* Parallel Currents
* Figure 23 Example 1 Parallel Circuit
* Figure 25 Example 3 Parallel Circuit
* Resistance in Parallel
* Figure 27 Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit
* Simplified Formulas
* Simplified Formulas
* Voltage Divider
* Figure 29 Voltage Divider
* Current Division
* Summary

VOLTAGE POLARITY AND CURRENT DIRECTION

* Summary
* KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
* Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
* Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
* Kirchhoff’s Current Law
* Figure 35 Illustration of Kirchhoff’s Current Law
* Figure 36 Using the Current Law
* Summary

DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

* Figure 38 Assumed Direction of Current Flow
* Figure 40 Applying Voltage Law to Loop 1
* Loop 2 equation
* Figure 41 Applying Voltage Laws to Outer Loop
* Node Equations
* Figure 43 Node Point
* Figure 44 Circuit for Node Analysis
* Figure 45 Node - Voltage Analysis
* Series-Parallel Circuit Analysis
* Figure 46 Redrawn Circuit Example
* Y and Delta Network Calculation
* Figure 48 p (pi) or D (delta) Network
* Figure 49 Y - D Equivalent
* Figure 50 Bridge Circuit
* Figure 51 Y - D Redrawn Circuit
* DC Circuit Analysis Summary

DC CIRCUIT FAULTS

* Open Circuit (Parallel)
* Short Circuit (Series)
* Summary

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TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

INDUCTANCE

* Figure 2 Induced EMF in Coils
* Figure 4 Inductors in Series
* Figure 6 DC Current Through an Inductor
* Figure 7 Time Constant
* Figure 8 Voltage Applied to an Inductor
* Figure 9 Inductor and Resistor in Parallel
* Inductance Summary

CAPACITANCE

* Figure 12 Discharging a Capacitor
* Capacitance
* Types of Capacitors
* Capacitors in Series and Parallel
* Figure 14 Capacitors Connected in Parallel
* Figure 16 Example 2 - Capacitors Connected in Series
* Capacitive Time Constant
* Figure 19 Capacitive Time Constant for Discharging Capacitor
* Capacitance Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 4 Batteries

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

BATTERY TERMINOLOGY

* Ampere-Hour
* Battery Terminology Summary

BATTERY THEORY

* Figure 3 Electron Flow Through a Battery
* Discharge and Charging of Lead-Acid Battery
* Figure 5 Chemical Action During Charging
* Figure 6 Voltage and Specific Gravity During Charge and Discharge
* Battery Theory Summary

BATTERY OPERATIONS

* Parallel Cells
* Internal Resistance
* Battery Operations Summary

TYPES OF BATTERIES

* Nickel-Cadmium Cell
* Battery Types Summary

BATTERY HAZARDS

* Battery Temperature
* Battery Hazards Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 5 DC Generators

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

DC EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY

* DC Equipment Terminology Summary
* DC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION
* DC Equipment Construction Summary

DC GENERATOR THEORY

* Figure 3 Basic Operation of a DC Generator
* Commutator Action
* Figure 6 Commutation in a DC Generator
* Field Excitation
* DC Generator Ratings
* Hysteresis Losses
* DC Generator Theory Summary

DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

* Figure 9 Output Voltage-vs-Load Current for Shunt-Wound DC Generator
* Series-Wound DC Generators
* Compound Generators
* Figure 13 Voltage-vs-Current for a Compounded DC Generator
* DC Generator Construction Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 6 DC Motors

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

DC MOTOR THEORY

* Theory of Operation
* Figure 3 Motor Action
* Torque
* Generator Action in a Motor
* DC Motor Speed
* DC Motor Theory Summary

TYPES OF DC MOTORS

* Shunt-Wound Motor Applications
* Series-Wound Motor
* Types of DC Motors Summary

DC MOTOR OPERATION

* DC Motor Ratings
* DC Motor Operation Summary

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TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

AC GENERATION

* Figure 2 Developing a Sine-Wave Voltage
* AC Generation Summary

AC GENERATION ANALYSIS

* Effective Values
* Figure 4 Effective Value of Current
* Phase Angle
* Voltage Calculations
* Current Calculations
* Voltage, Current, and Frequency Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 8 Basic AC Reactive Components

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

INDUCTANCE

* Voltage and Current Phase Relationships in an Inductive Circuit
* Figure 2 Coil Circuit and Phasor Diagram
* Inductive Reactance Summary

CAPACITANCE

* Capacitive Reactance
* Figure 4 Circuit and Phasor Diagram
* Capacitive Reactance Summary

IMPEDANCE

* Figure 5 Relationship Between Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance
* Impedance in R-L Circuits
* Impedance in R-C Circuits
* Impedance in R-C-L Circuits
* Figure 8 Series R-C-L Impedance-Phasor
* Figure 9 Simple R-C-L Circuit
* Figure 10 Simple Parallel R-C-L Circuit
* Branch currents
* Impedance Summary

RESONANCE

* Parallel Resonance

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 9 Basic AC Power

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

POWER TRIANGLE

* Apparent Power
* Reactive Power
* Total Power
* Power in Series R-L Circuit
* Power in Parallel R-L Circuit
* Power in Parallel R-L Circuit
* Power in Series R-C Circuit
* Power in Series R-C Circuit
* Power in Parallel R-C Circuit
* Power in Parallel R-C Circuit
* Power in Series R-C-L Circuit
* Power in Series R-C-L Circuit
* Power in Parallel R-C-L Circuits
* Power in Parallel R-C-L Circuits
* AC Power Relationships Summary

THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

* Figure 10 Three-Phase AC
* Power in Balanced 3 phase Loads
* Power in Balanced 3 phase Loads
* Power in Balanced 3 phase Loads
* Power in Balanced 3 phase Loads
* Unbalanced 3 phase Loads
* Figure 16 3 phase Unbalanced Load
* Figure 16 3 phase Unbalanced Load
* Three-Phase Circuits Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 10 AC Generators

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

AC GENERATOR COMPONENTS

* Rotor
* Slip Rings
* AC Generator Components Summary

AC GENERATOR THEORY

* Losses in an AC Generator
* Hysteresis Losses
* AC Generator Theory Summary

AC GENERATOR OPERATION

* Paralleling AC Generators
* Three-Phase AC Generators
* AC Generator Connections
* Figure 11 Characteristics of a Wye-Connected AC Generator
* AC Generator Operation Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 11 Voltage Regulators

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

* Sensing Circuit
* Signal Output Circuit
* Voltage Regulators Summary

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TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

AC MOTOR THEORY

* Figure 1 Three-Phase Stator
* Figure 2 Rotating Magnetic Field
* AC Motors
* Torque Production
* Torque Production
* Torque
* AC Motor Theory Summary

AC MOTOR TYPES

* Figure 5 Squirrel-Cage Induction Rotor
* Single-Phase AC Induction Motors
* Synchronous Motors
* Starting a Synchronous Motor
* Field Excitation
* AC Motor Types Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 13 Transformers

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* LIST OF FIGURES
* LIST OF TABLES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

TRANSFORMER THEORY

* Turns Ratio
* Theory of Operation
* Figure 1 Core-Type Transformer
* Voltage Ratio
* Voltage Ratio
* Current Ratio
* Three-Phase Transformer Connections
* Combinations of Delta and Wye Transformer Connections
* TABLE 1: Voltage and Current Ratings of Transformers
* Transformer Losses and Efficiency
* Transformer Losses and Efficiency
* Transformer Operation Under No-Load
* Coil Polarity
* Figure 7 Polarity of Transformer Coils
* Transformer Theory Summary


TRANSFORMER TYPES

* Control Transformer
* Instrument Potential Transformer
* Transformer Types Summary


ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 14 Test Instruments & Measuring Devices

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

METER MOVEMENTS

* Electrodynamometer Movement
* Moving Iron Vane Movement
* Meter Movement Summary

VOLTMETERS

* Voltmeter
* Voltmeter
* Voltmeter
* Voltmeter Summary

AMMETERS

* Ammeter
* Ammeter
* Ammeter
* Ammeter Summary

OHM METERS

* Ohm Meter
* Ohm Meter
* Ohm Meter
* Ohm Meter Summary

WATTMETERS

* Three-Phase Wattmeter
* Wattmeter Summary

OTHER ELECTRICAL MEASURING DEVICES

* Power Factor Meter
* Figure 15 Simple Ohm Meter Ground Detector
* Synchroscope
* Measuring Devices Summary
* TEST EQUIPMENT
* Figure 17 Simple Megger Circuit Diagram
* Test Equipment Summary

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE Module 15 Electrical Distribution Systems

* TABLE OF CONTENTS
* TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
* LIST OF FIGURES
* REFERENCES
* TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
* ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND PROTECTION DEVICES

* Figure 1 One-Line Distribution Diagram
* Failure-Free Power
* Overlapping Protective Zones
* Fuses
* System Components and Protection Devices Summary

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

* Figure 5 Cutaway View of Molded Case Circuit Breaker
* Circuit Breakers
* Figure 6 Large Air Circuit Breaker
* High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
* Figure 7 Simple Circuit Breaker Control Circuit Breaker Open
* Figure 8 Simple Circuit Breaker Control Circuit Breaker Closed
* Circuit Breaker Summary

MOTOR CONTROLLERS

* Magnetic Controller
* Figure 10 Typical Three-Phase Magnetic Controller
* Motor Controller Types and Operation
* LVR Controller Operation
* Motor Controllers Summary

WIRING SCHEMES AND GROUNDING

* Terminology
* Figure 15 Three-Phase To Single-Phase Connections
* Three-Phase Wiring Schemes
* 4-Wire, Three-Phase Delta System
* Figure 18 4-Wire Delta System
* Summary
* Wiring Schemes And Grounding Summary
* CONCLUDING MATERIAL

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Electrical Science Volume 1 of 4

Electrical Science Volume 2 of 4

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Handbook of electrical science

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Volume 1 of 4
Module 1 - Basic Electrical Theory
This module describes basic electrical concepts and introduces el

ectrical terminology.
Module 2 - Basic DC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of direct current (DC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.Volume 2 of 4
Module 3 - DC CircuitsT his module introduces the rules associated with the reactive components of inductance and capacitance and how they affect DC circuits.
Module 4 - Batteries
This module introduces batteries and describes the types of cells used, circuit arrangements, and associated hazards.
Module 5 - DC Generators
This module describes the types of DC generators and their application in terms of voltage production and load characteristics.
Module 6 - DC Motors
This module describes the types of DC motors and includes discussions of speed control, applications, and load characteristics.
Volume 3 of 4Module 7 - Basic AC TheoryThis module describes the basic concepts of alternating current (AC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Module 8 - AC Reactive Components
This module describes inductance and capacitance and their effects on AC circuits.
Module 9 - AC Power
This module presents power calculations for single-phase and three-phase AC circuits and includes the power triangle concept.
Module 10 - AC Generators
This module describes the operating characteristics of AC generators and includes terminology, methods of voltage production, and methods of paralleling
AC generation sources.
Module 11 - Voltage Regulators
This module describes the basic operation and application of voltage regulators.
Volume 4 of 4
Module 12 - AC Motors
This module explains the theory of operation of AC motors and discusses the

various types of AC motors and their application.

Module 13 - Transformers
This module introduces transformer theory and includes the types of transformers, voltage/current relationships, and application.
Module 14 - Test Instruments and Measuring Devices
This module describes electrical measuring and test equipment and includes the parameters measured and the principles of operation of common instruments.
Module 15 - Electrical Distribution Systems
This module describes basic electrical distribution systems and includes characteristics of system design to ensure personnel and equipment safety.